Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by disruptions in the brain’s electrical signaling. This condition arises from abnormal activity in clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, which typically produce electrochemical impulses to regulate bodily functions and cognitive processes. A healthy brain typically generates around 80 pulses of energy per second, but in epilepsy, this pattern is disturbed, leading to rapid bursts of energy pulses, sometimes reaching up to 500 per second. These abnormal electrical activities can manifest as unusual sensations, emotions, behavioral changes, or physical symptoms such as convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. Seizures, the hallmark symptom of epilepsy, can occur occasionally or multiple times daily.
It’s important to note that experiencing a seizure doesn’t necessarily indicate epilepsy; epilepsy is diagnosed only after a person has had two or more seizures. Seizures can be triggered by various factors besides epilepsy, including high fever, head injury, certain medications, low blood sugar, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes.
Contrary to common misconceptions, epilepsy is not contagious, nor is it caused by mental illness or mental retardation. While individuals with mental retardation may have a higher risk of seizures, having seizures does not necessarily indicate or lead to cognitive impairment. In fact, many people with epilepsy have normal or above-average intelligence. Although seizures can potentially cause brain damage, most seizures do not result in significant harm to the brain. Any changes in cognitive function or brain structure are often subtle and may be challenging to attribute solely to seizures or their underlying causes.
Advances in epilepsy management have significantly improved outcomes, with approximately 80% of individuals achieving seizure control with appropriate treatment. However, in around 25 to 30% of cases, seizures remain uncontrolled despite optimal therapy, a condition known as intractable epilepsy.