
Diabetes insipidus is a medical condition characterized by impaired kidney function in retaining water. This leads to excessive urination of diluted urine and intense thirst.
Normally, the kidneys regulate fluid balance by adjusting urine output. When the body loses fluids through perspiration, the kidneys produce less urine to maintain fluid levels. This process is controlled by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced in the brain.
Diabetes insipidus occurs when the body produces insufficient ADH or becomes resistant to its effects. This disrupts fluid balance, resulting in excessive urine production and dehydration.
Causes of Diabetes Insipidus
Causes of Diabetes Insipidus
Central Diabetes Insipidus:
- Damage to brain regions involved in ADH production, such as the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
- Can result from surgery, tumors, meningitis, or head injuries
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus:
- Impaired response of kidney tubules to ADH
- Can be inherited or caused by conditions like hypercalcemia
- Certain medications, such as lithium and tetracycline, can also trigger this type
Gestational Diabetes Insipidus:
- Occurs during pregnancy due to an enzyme produced by the placenta that breaks down ADH in the mother
Most Common Type:
- Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, caused by kidney insensitivity to ADH