The signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia result from a deficiency in vitamin B12, which is essential for the production of healthy red blood cells. Without adequate vitamin B12, the body cannot generate enough red blood cells, leading to anemia. Some symptoms are common to all types of anemia, while others are specific to vitamin B12 deficiency.
Signs and Symptoms of Anemia:
Fatigue (tiredness) is the most prevalent symptom across all types of anemia, stemming from insufficient red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body. Additional symptoms include:
- Shortness of breath
- Dizziness, particularly upon standing up
- Headaches
- Coldness in the hands or feet
- Pale skin, gums, and nail beds
- Chest pain
A shortage of red blood cells forces the heart to work harder to circulate oxygen-rich blood, potentially resulting in:
- Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats)
- Heart murmur
- Enlarged heart
- Heart failure
Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin B12 Deficiency:
Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to nerve damage, manifesting as:
- Tingling and numbness in the hands and feet
- Muscle weakness
- Loss of reflexes
- Unsteadiness, balance issues, and difficulty walking
Severe vitamin B12 deficiency may cause neurological problems, including:
- Confusion
- Dementia
- Depression
- Memory loss
Digestive tract symptoms associated with vitamin B12 deficiency include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Heartburn
- Abdominal bloating and gas
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Enlarged liver
A smooth, beefy red tongue is a characteristic sign of vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anemia.
In infants, vitamin B12 deficiency may result in poor reflexes, abnormal movements (such as face tremors), feeding difficulties due to tongue and throat issues, and irritability. Untreated vitamin B12 deficiency in infants can lead to permanent growth problems.