Cancer arises from the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, deviating from the normal cycle of growth, division, and programmed cell death. While it remains challenging for health professionals to pinpoint why some individuals develop cancer while others do not, certain risk factors heighten the likelihood of its occurrence. While many of these factors can be mitigated, genetic predisposition and familial history remain beyond control. Over time, a combination of these factors contributes to the transformation of healthy cells into cancerous ones.
Risk factors for cancer, some of which are preventable, include:
- Age: Most cancers are diagnosed in older individuals, with advancing age associated with prolonged exposure to carcinogens and a weakened immune system. Certain cancers may also occur in children due to inherited mutations or anomalies during fetal development.
- Genetics: Individuals with a family history of cancer face an increased risk, although it doesn’t guarantee the development of cancer. Genetic abnormalities, such as altered genes or chromosomal anomalies like Down syndrome, can elevate the risk of certain cancers.
- Physical Activity: Regular exercise, such as yoga, aerobics, or brisk walking, for at least 30 minutes most days of the week, can significantly reduce cancer risk. Physical activity not only aids in disease prevention but also helps combat obesity, a major risk factor for several cancers.
- Environmental Factors: Exposure to substances like asbestos or benzene can heighten cancer risk, with asbestos linked to lung cancer and benzene to blood cancer.
- Tobacco: Smoking is a primary risk factor for lung cancer, as well as kidney, pancreatic, cervical, and stomach cancers, and acute myeloid leukemia. Quitting smoking can substantially lower cancer risk.
- Diet: Diets high in fat, processed meats, or smoked/barbecued meats are associated with increased risks of colon, breast, prostate, and stomach cancers.
- Infections: Certain viruses, such as HPV or hepatitis viruses, can lead to cervical or liver cancer, respectively. Other infections like Epstein-Barr virus or Schistosoma haematobium are also linked to specific cancers.
- Sun Exposure: UV rays from the sun increase the risk of skin cancer, particularly in fair-skinned individuals. Protection measures such as sunscreen and minimizing sun exposure help reduce this risk.
If you suspect you’re at risk for cancer, discussing concerns with a healthcare provider is crucial. They can advise on checkup schedules and strategies to mitigate risk factors.